Biology Notes for IGCSE 2014
Home
Search
Pdf
All Notes
01 Classification
02 Cells
03 Enzymes
04 Plant Nutrition
05 Animal Nutrition
06 Plant transport
07 Human transport
08 Respiration
09 Coordination
10 Excretion
11 Homeostasis
12 Reproduction
13 Inheritance
14 Ecosystem
Classification
Summary
Characteristics of Living organisms
Classification of Living organisms
Kingdoms of Living organisms
Animal Kingdom
>
Classification
Phylum Vetebrates
Phylum Arthropods
Annelids, Nematodes, Molluscs
Plant Kingdom
Virus
Bacteria Kingdom
Fungi Kingdom
Dichotomous keys
Cells
Summary
Structure
Functions
Tissues, Organs, Systems
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Enzymes
Summary
Enzymes and reactions
'Lock and Key' model
Role in germinating seeds
Use in biological washing powders
Use in the food industry
Use of microorganisms and fermenter to manufacture enzymes
Use of microorganisms to manufacture antibiotic penicillin
Nutrition
Animal
>
Summary
1
>
Main nutrients: carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Food tests
>
Food test 1 - Starch test
Food test 2 - Benedict's test for Reducing Sugars
Food test 3 - Emulsion (ethanol) test for Fats
Food test 4 - Biuret test for Proteins
Other Nutrients: Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber and Water
Using yeast to make bread and beer
Using microorganism in making yoghurt and single cell protein
Food additives - uses, benefits and health hazards
Use of modern technology for increasing food production
2
>
Problems of world food supplies and the causes of famine
Diet
Human alimentary canal
Human teeth and dental decay
Adding fluoride to public water supplies
Mechanical and chemical digestion
Absorption – function of the small intestine and significance of villi
Assimilation and role of the liver
Plant
>
Summary
The equation for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis investigations - Principles and Starch test
Effect of Light intensity on the rate of Photosynthesis
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Photosynthesis
Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Rate of Photosynthesis
Limiting factors in photosynthesis
Optimum conditions for photosynthesis in Green house
Leaf structure
Plant's mineral requirements and fertilisers
Transport
Plant
>
Summary
Functions of xylem and phloem
Distribution of Xylem and Phloem in roots, stems and leaves
Root hairs and water uptake by plants
Passage of water through root, stem and leaf
Transpiration in plants and factors affecting tranpiration rate
Adaptations of the leaf, stem and root to different environments
Translocation of organic foods in plants
Translocation of applied chemicals throughout the plant
Transport of materials from sources to sinks at different seasons
Human
>
Summary
1
>
The circulatory system
Structure and function of the heart
Effect of exercise on heartbeat and causes of a coronary heart disease
Arteries, veins and capillaries - structure and functions
Blood composition and Plasma
Blood cells - structure and functions
2
>
Blood clotting
Immune system - antibody, tissue rejection
Functions of lymphatic system
Respiration
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Gaseous exchange
Respiration
Summary
Definition
Aerobic, anaerobic
Gaseous exchange
Inspired, expired air
Tobacco smoke
Reproduction
Summary
Types
Plant
>
Pollination
Flower structure
Formation of seed
Seed dispersal
Self-pollination, cross-pollination
Growth and development
Human
>
Reproductive system
Menstrual cycle
Fertilisation
Fetus development
Birth
Sex hormones
Birth control
Artificial insemination
HIV/AIDS
Gonorrhoea
Breast feeding
Coordination
Coordination
>
Summary
Hormones, adrenaline
Hormones in food production
Human nervous system
Simple reflex arc
Effectors, biceps and triceps
Voluntary, involuntary actions
The eye, rods and cones
Accommodation
Tropism in plants
Auxins
Homeostasis
>
Summary
Homeostasis
Blood glucose
Negative feedback
Kidney structure
Kidney function
Formation of urea
Dialysis
Drugs
Inheritance
Summary
Key definitions
Chromosomes, DNA
Mitosis and Meiosis
Monohybrid cross
Codominance
Continuous, discontinous
Mutation, radiation
Sickle cell anaemia
Selection
Antibiotic-resistance bacteria
Genetic engineering
Ecosystem
Summary
Human & ecosystem
>
Human influences
Deforestation
Water pollution
Air pollution
Greenhouse gases
Pesticides, nuclear fallout
Conservation, recycling sewage
Energy flow
Food chain
Food web
Food pyramids
Energy efficiency
Carbon & water cycles
Nitrogen cycle
Combustion of fossil fuels
Population size
All Notes
1. Classification
2. Cells
3. Enzymes
4. Plant Nutrition
5. Animal Nutrition
6. Plant Transport
7. Human Transport
8. Respiration
9. Coordination
10. Excretion
11. Homeostasis, Drugs
12. Reproduction
13.Inheritance
14. Ecosystem